{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:45:56Z","timestamp":1789595156411,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":104,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>) is one of the most common fungi to cause diseases in humans. Recent evidence has demonstrated that airway epithelial cells play an important role in combating <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> through inflammatory responses. Human airway epithelial cells have been proven to synthesize the active vitamin D, which plays a key role in regulating inflammation. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> infection on the activation of vitamin D and the role of vitamin D activation in <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\u2010elicited antifungal immunity in normal human airway epithelial cells. We found that <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> swollen conidia (SC) induced the expression of 1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of active vitamin D, and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in 16HBE cells and led to increased local generation of active vitamin D. Locally activated vitamin D amplified SC\u2010induced expression of antimicrobial peptides in 16HBE cells but attenuated SC\u2010induced production of cytokines in an autocrine fashion. Furthermore, we identified <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010glucan, the major <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> cell wall component, as the causative agent for upregulation of 1<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010hydroxylase and VDR in 16HBE cells. Therefore, activation of vitamin D is inducible and provides a bidirectional regulation of the responses to <jats:italic>A. fumigatus<\/jats:italic> in 16HBE cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/208491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]],"date-time":"2015-04-15T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1429131657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Activation of Vitamin D Regulates Response of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to <i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i> in an Autocrine 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