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Tangential epiretinal forces are mainly due to anomalous posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), vitreoschisis, vitreopapillary adhesion (VPA), and epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Anomalous PVD plays a key role in the formation of the tangential vectorial forces on the retinal surface as consequence of gel liquefaction (synchysis) without sufficient and fast vitreous dehiscence at the vitreoretinal interface. The anomalous and persistent adherence of the posterior hyaloid to the retina can lead to vitreomacular\/vitreopapillary adhesion or to a formation of avascular fibrocellular tissue (ERM) resulting from the proliferation and transdifferentiation of hyalocytes resident in the cortical vitreous remnants after vitreoschisis. The right interpretation of the forces involved in the epiretinal tangential tractions helps in a better definition of diagnosis, progression, prognosis, and surgical outcomes of vitreomacular interfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/372564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,3]],"date-time":"2015-09-03T21:07:57Z","timestamp":1441314477000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Retinal Changes Induced by Epiretinal Tangential Forces"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Romano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, University Federico II, Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Comune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, University Federico II, Napoli, 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