{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1782273454711,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oakland University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007284","name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007284","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a global problem exacerbated by the dissemination of resistant bacteria via uncooked food, such as green leafy vegetables. New strains of bacteria are emerging on a daily basis with novel expanded antibiotic resistance profiles. In this pilot study, we examined the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria against five classes of antibiotics on iceberg lettuce retailed in local convenience stores in Rochester, Michigan. In this study, 138 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies from 9 iceberg lettuce samples were randomly picked and tested for antibiotic resistance. Among these isolates, the vast majority (86%) demonstrated resistance to cefotaxime, and among the resistant bacteria, the majority showed multiple drug resistance, particularly against cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Three bacterial isolates (2.17%) out of 138 were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Two ESBL producers (T1 and T5) were identified as<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, an opportunistic pathogen with transferable sulfhydryl variable- (SHV-) and TEM-type ESBLs, respectively. The DNA sequence analysis of the<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>b<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>l<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SHV<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>detected in<jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>isolate T1 revealed 99% relatedness to<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>b<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>l<\/mml:mi><mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>SHV<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>genes found in clinical isolates. This implies that iceberg lettuce is a potential reservoir of newly emerging and evolving antibiotic resistant bacteria and its consumption poses serious threat to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/547547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,3]],"date-time":"2015-05-03T21:04:32Z","timestamp":1430687072000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria on Iceberg Lettuce Retailed for Human Consumption"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-7693","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natasha","family":"Bhutani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 375 Dodge Hall of Engineering, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-7503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chithra","family":"Muraleedharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 375 Dodge Hall of Engineering, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepa","family":"Talreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 375 Dodge Hall of Engineering, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 Saint Antoine Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Walia","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 Saint Antoine Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6332-6591","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashok","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 375 Dodge Hall of Engineering, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 Saint Antoine Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satish K.","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, 375 Dodge Hall of Engineering, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh325"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.04.001"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.66.1.125-132.2000"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2013.04.016"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1997.0220"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.40.120301.093927"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es1011115"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02297.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1106483"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597399"},{"issue":"50","key":"11","volume":"13","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.3.609-614.1995","volume":"33","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-12-503"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.1.397-400.2002"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01084-09"},{"key":"16","first-page":"1","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 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