{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:34:53Z","timestamp":1787826893371,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of Lyme disease, and\n                    <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a causative agent of babesiosis, are increasingly implicated in the growing tick-borne disease burden in the northeastern United States. These pathogens are transmitted via the bite of an infected tick vector,\n                    <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is capable of harboring and inoculating a host with multiple pathogens simultaneously. Clinical presentation of the diseases is heterogeneous and ranges from mild flu-like symptoms to near-fatal cardiac arrhythmias. While the reason for the variability is not known, the possibility exists that concomitant infection with both\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    may synergistically increase disease severity. In an effort to clarify the current state of understanding regarding coinfection with\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in this review, we discuss the geographical distribution and pathogenesis of Lyme disease and babesiosis in the United States, the immunological response of humans to\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, the existing knowledge regarding coinfection disease pathology, and critical factors that have led to ambiguity in the literature regarding coinfection, in order to eliminate confusion in future experimental design and investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/587131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,30]],"date-time":"2015-11-30T16:41:39Z","timestamp":1448901699000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Human Coinfection with\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Babesia microti<\/i>\n                    in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Knapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.54"},{"key":"2","year":"2015"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116767"},{"key":"5","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.3.724-727.1996","volume":"34","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.42.6.2799-2801.2004"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2007)32[243:cmiqis]2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"1","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.23.1.135-137.1986","volume":"23","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980113"},{"issue":"10","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.10.2012-2013.1987","volume":"25","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.4.732"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2012-06-172"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.3.466"},{"issue":"13","key":"17","first-page":"1851","volume":"160","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.275.21.1657"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/152.3.473"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322681"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-3-374"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317465"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.11.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.5.2382","volume":"163","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2005.01.003"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/294587"},{"issue":"9","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.9.3620-3623.1996","volume":"64","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-5728(97)00118-5"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382893"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh304"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.3.1251"},{"key":"32","year":"2015"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m308343200"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05318.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200106)31:6<1674::AID-IMMU1674>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"31","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2012.10.039"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m007994200"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.m113.459040"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0197"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.9.5190-5197.2000"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003387"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02429.x"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00363"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.3.451-469.2000"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.4.2002-2008.2003"},{"issue":"8","key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4143","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.4143-4148.1999","volume":"67","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.55.587"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05900-11"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00279.x"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(77)90032-2"},{"key":"51","volume":"178, article s47","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcs100"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2008.01.060182"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341452"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/496891"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.4.615"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00255"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-229"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.10.006"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03812"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.06.010"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/500473"},{"key":"63","year":"2013"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.73.6.3440-3444.2005"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cvi.00308-07"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis852"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1209039"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmc1215469"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2015\/587131.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2015\/587131.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2015\/587131.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T20:59:36Z","timestamp":1692133176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2015\/587131\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["587131","587131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/587131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0023","2090-0031"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}