{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:45:00Z","timestamp":1770360300521,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) transmitted cyclically by tsetse fly (<jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>spp.) is a major obstacle to livestock production in the tropical parts of Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the infection rates of trypanosomes in<jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya. Tsetse fly species,<jats:italic>G. longipennis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>G. pallidipes<\/jats:italic>, were trapped and DNA was isolated from their dissected internal organs (proboscis, salivary glands, and midguts). The DNA was then subjected to a nested PCR assay using internal transcribed spacer primers and individual trypanosome species were identified following agarose gel electrophoresis. Out of the 117 flies trapped in the area 39 (33.3%) were teneral while 78 (67%) were nonteneral.<jats:italic>G. pallidipes<\/jats:italic>constituted the largest percentage of 58% while<jats:italic>G. longipennis<\/jats:italic>were 42%. The overall trypanosomes infection rate in all nonteneral<jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>spp. was 11.53% with<jats:italic>G. longipennis<\/jats:italic>recording the highest infection rate of 23.08% while<jats:italic>G. pallidipes<\/jats:italic>had an infection rate of 5.77%.<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>was the most infectious (10.26%) compared to<jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>(1.28%). Mean apparent densities were strongly positively correlated with infection rates (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.95<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) confirming the importance of this parameter as an indicator of AAT transmission risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/607432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T21:01:23Z","timestamp":1446670883000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma<\/i>Infection Rates in<i>Glossina<\/i>Species in Mtito Andei Division, Makueni County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Daniel Mutiso","family":"Nthiwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Embu University College, P.O. 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