{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T18:29:52Z","timestamp":1716316192555},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Autoimmune Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are considered to be caused by the host immune system which attacks and destroys its own tissue by mistake. A widely accepted hypothesis to explain the pathogenic mechanism of ADs is \u201cmolecular mimicry,\u201d which states that antibodies against an infectious agent cross-react with a self-antigen sharing an identical or similar antigenic epitope. However, this hypothesis was most likely established based on misleading antibody assay data largely influenced by intense false positive reactions involved in immunoassay systems. Thus reinvestigation of this hypothesis using an appropriate blocking agent capable of eliminating all types of nonspecific reactions and proper assay design is strongly encouraged. In this review, we discuss the possibility that low immune function may be the fundamental, common defect in ADs, which increases the susceptibility to potential disease causative pathogens located in the gastrointestinal tract (GI), such as bacteria and their components or dietary components. In addition to these exogenous agents, aberrations in the host\u2019s physical condition may disrupt the host defense system, which is tightly orchestrated by \u201cimmune function,\u201d \u201cmucosal barrier function,\u201d and \u201cintestinal bacterial balance.\u201d These disturbances may initiate a downward spiral, which can lead to chronic health problems that will evolve to an autoimmune disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/636207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]],"date-time":"2015-03-12T21:16:48Z","timestamp":1426195008000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Slipping through the Cracks: Linking Low Immune Function and Intestinal Bacterial Imbalance to the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Kuniaki","family":"Terato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chondrex, Inc., 2607 151st Place NE, Redmond, WA 98052, 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