{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T13:55:08Z","timestamp":1776174908165,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>is endemic in northern Ethiopia, where<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>is the most important presumed vector. This study was designed to determine the physiological age structure and the occurrence of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection in the vector of VL in Tahtay Adiyabo district, northern Ethiopia. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps from peridomestic and agricultural fields between May 2011 and April 2012 and<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>females were dissected for age determination and detection of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>promastigotes. Sand flies were also analyzed for<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>detection using molecular methods. Of 1,282<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>examined for abdominal stages and age characterization, 66.2%, 28.2%, 4.1%, and 1.6% were unfed, freshly fed, half-gravid, and gravid. Parous rate in unfed females was 34.1% and 35.4% in peridomestic and agricultural fields, respectively. Out of 921<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>females dissected, one specimen (0.1%) was found naturally infected with promastigotes. Five pools (25 females) of unfed<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>were also found with DNA of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. In particular, a single<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>was positive for<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>(0.5%). Based on this and other evidences (abundance, human blood feeding, and xenodiagnostic studies),<jats:italic>P. orientalis<\/jats:italic>is the principal vector of VL in this endemic focus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/710528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,29]],"date-time":"2015-07-29T17:03:28Z","timestamp":1438189408000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Physiological Age Structure and<i>Leishmania<\/i>spp. Detection in<i>Phlebotomus (Larroussius) orientalis<\/i>(Parrot, 1936) (Diptera: Psychodidae) at an Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Araya","family":"Gebresilassie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar David","family":"Kirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Essayas","family":"Aklilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Yared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habte","family":"Tekie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meshesha","family":"Balkew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Warburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asrat","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Gebre-Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(42)90053-1"},{"key":"3","first-page":"21","volume":"12","year":"1970","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01088.x"},{"key":"5","first-page":"615","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.548","volume":"33","year":"1984","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"7","first-page":"69","volume":"26","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medicinal Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.275","volume":"77","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-153"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.5.618"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90344-5"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706x(94)90079-5"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00082.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034989860085"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.66.5.1933-1938.2000"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0967-7"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028266"},{"issue":"1","key":"18","first-page":"15","volume":"60","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"19","first-page":"41","volume":"13","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-6"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.06.001"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0849-7"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90399-b"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00283.x"},{"key":"26","first-page":"19","volume":"1","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"27","first-page":"1","volume":"5","year":"1965","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de l'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Serie Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.4.383"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(00)90093-2"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-196"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907x176382"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0807-4"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0883-5"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/23.4.411"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0738-081x(99)00046-2"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153557"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908x311803"},{"key":"39","volume":"8","year":"1993"},{"key":"40","first-page":"252","volume":"2","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fauna Saudi Arabia"},{"issue":"1","key":"41","first-page":"9","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.423","volume":"57","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.31","volume":"43","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-186"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-238"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2015\/710528.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2015\/710528.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2015\/710528.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T17:38:13Z","timestamp":1567013893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2015\/710528\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["710528","710528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/710528","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9686","1687-9694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9686","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}