{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:23:26Z","timestamp":1790717006520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"\n This study documented the population dynamics of\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n and associated natural infections with digenetic trematodes, along the shores of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria, recording local physicochemical factors. Over a two-and-a-half-year study period with monthly sampling, physicochemical factors were measured at 12 survey sites and all freshwater snails were collected. Retained\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n were subsequently monitored in laboratory aquaria for shedding trematode cercariae, which were classified as either human infective (\n Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n ) or nonhuman infective. The population dynamics of\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n differed by location and by lake and had positive relationship with pH (\n \n P<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.001<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ) in both lakes and negative relationship with conductivity (\n \n P<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.04<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ) in Lake Albert. Of the\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n collected in Lake Albert\n \n \n \n \n N<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 6,183<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfenced>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n , 8.9% were infected with digenetic trematodes of which 15.8% were shedding\n S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n cercariae and 84.2% with nonhuman infective cercariae. In Lake Victoria, 2.1% of collected\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009\u2009\n \n \n \n \n N<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 13,172<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfenced>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n were infected with digenetic trematodes with 13.9% shedding\n S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n cercariae, 85.7% shedding nonhuman infective cercariae, and 0.4% of infected snails shedding both types of cercariae. Upon morphological identification, species of\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n infected included\n B. sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n B. pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n B. stanleyi<\/jats:italic>\n in Lake Albert and\n B. sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n B. pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n in Lake Victoria. The study found the physicochemical factors that influenced\n Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n population and infections. The number and extent of snails shedding\n S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n cercariae illustrate the high risk of transmission within these lake settings. For better control of this disease, greater effort should be placed on reducing environmental contamination by improvement of local water sanitation and hygiene.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/717261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T16:03:35Z","timestamp":1422806615000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Environmental Epidemiology of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Uganda: Population Dynamics of\n Biomphalaria<\/i>\n (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with Observations on Natural Infections with Digenetic Trematodes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Candia","family":"Rowel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, 15 Bombo Road, P.O. Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Besigye","family":"Fred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, 15 Bombo Road, P.O. Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4220-3290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martha","family":"Betson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose C.","family":"Sousa-Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade de Angola, Hospital Provincial, Rua Direita do Caxito, Bengo, Angola"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcis B.","family":"Kabatereine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, 15 Bombo Road, P.O. 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Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"10","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Distribution and abundance of snails, brackish water: prevalence of infected snails spatial variation","year":"1994"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3377\/1562-7020(2008)43[34:SBSGPI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"5","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Schistosomes or blood flukes","year":"1984"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90349-9"},{"key":"20","year":"1982"},{"key":"4","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Survival within the snail 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