{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:36:53Z","timestamp":1777131413728,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Betaine is a food component with well-reported hepatoprotection effects. However, the effects and mechanisms of betaine on liver fibrosis development are still insufficient. Because metabolic functions of chicken and human liver is similar, we established a chicken model with carbon Tetrachloride- (CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-) induced fibrosis for studying antifibrotic effect of betaine<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Two-week-old male chicks were supplemented with betaine (1%, w\/v) in drinking water for 2 weeks prior to the initiation of CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>treatment (i.p.) until sacrifice. Primary chicken hepatocytes were treated with CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>and betaine to mimic the<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>supplementation. The supplementation of betaine significantly alleviated liver fibrosis development along with the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation cytokine, and transforming growth factor-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>1 expression levels. These inhibitive effects were also accompanied with the attenuation of hepatic stellate cell activation. Furthermore, our<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>studies confirmed that betaine provides antioxidant capacity for attenuating the hepatocyte necrosis by CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>. Altogether, our results highlight the antioxidant ability of betaine, which alleviates CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>-induced fibrogenesis process along with the suppression of hepatic stellate cells activation. Since betaine is a natural compound without toxicity, we suggest betaine can be used as a potent nutritional or therapeutic factor for reducing liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/725379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,27]],"date-time":"2015-09-27T21:03:13Z","timestamp":1443387793000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Alleviation of Carbon-Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Betaine Supplementation in Chickens"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Meng-Tsz","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, Section 3, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 50, Lane 155, 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