{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:41:51Z","timestamp":1791841311542,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic achalasia is a disease of unknown etiology. The loss of myenteric plexus associated with inflammatory infiltrates and autoantibodies support the hypothesis of an autoimmune mechanism. Thirty-two patients diagnosed by high-resolution manometry with achalasia were included. Twenty-six specimens from lower esophageal sphincter muscle were compared with 5 esophagectomy biopsies (control). Immunohistochemical (biopsies) and flow cytometry (peripheral blood) analyses were performed. Circulating anti-myenteric autoantibodies were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection was determined by<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>hybridization, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Histopathological analysis showed capillaritis (51%), plexitis (23%), nerve hypertrophy (16%), venulitis (7%), and fibrosis (3%). Achalasia tissue exhibited an increase in the expression of proteins involved in extracellular matrix turnover, apoptosis, proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines, and Tregs and Bregs<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>controls (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Circulating Th22\/Th17\/Th2\/Th1 percentage showed a significant increase<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>healthy donors (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Type III achalasia patients exhibited the highest inflammatory response<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>types I and II. Prevalence of both anti-myenteric antibodies and HSV-1 infection in achalasia patients was 100%<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>0% in controls. Our results suggest that achalasia is a disease with an important local and systemic inflammatory autoimmune component, associated with the presence of specific anti-myenteric autoantibodies, as well as HSV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/729217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,20]],"date-time":"2015-05-20T21:05:10Z","timestamp":1432155910000},"page":"1-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Achalasia\u2014An Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Furuzawa-Carballeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Aguilar-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gamboa-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Valdovinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Nu\u00f1ez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"Mart\u00edn-del-Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Surgery, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. B.","family":"Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Coss-Adame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Colonia Secci\u00f3n XVI, 14000 Mexico City, DF, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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