{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:42:06Z","timestamp":1768837326938,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent mathematical modelling has advocated for rapid \u201ctest-and-treat\u201d programs for HIV in the developing world, where HIV-positive individuals are identified and immediately begin a course of antiretroviral treatment, regardless of the length of time they have been infected. However, the foundations of this modelling ignored the effects of drug resistance on the epidemic. It also disregarded the heterogeneity of behaviour changes that may occur, as a result of education that some individuals may receive upon testing and treatment. We formulate an HIV\/AIDS model to theoretically investigate how testing, educating HIV-positive cases, treatment, and drug resistance affect the HIV epidemic. We consider a variety of circumstances: both when education is included and not included, when testing and treatment are linked or are separate, when education is only partly effective, and when treatment leads to drug resistance. We show that education, if it is properly harnessed, can be a force strong enough to overcome the effects of antiretroviral drug resistance; however, in the absence of education, \u201ctest and treat\u201d is likely to make the epidemic worse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/781270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,13]],"date-time":"2015-07-13T02:15:33Z","timestamp":1436753733000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Adding Education to \u201cTest and Treat\u201d: Can We Overcome Drug Resistance?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Mo\u2019tassem","family":"Al-arydah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, UAE"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0034-89102006000700001"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/512371"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6984"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00340a"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.5.555"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-6"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533415"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180556"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00185"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit545"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit544"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000433239.01611.52"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)61697-9"},{"key":"15","volume":"3917, article 1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Precedings"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030216"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0b013e3282f2aac3"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmp078089"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-736"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006493.pub4"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qai.0b013e31829b567d"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2673851"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201250-00002"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3005804"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181605da3","volume":"47","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-12"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0646-2"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2014.11.1065"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030262"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(04)01148-x"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60705-2"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10852-010-9134-0"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819001700107"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.13.3.238"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.15.2.114"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0042"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10441-009-9080-2"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/527610"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1403510"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2015\/781270.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2015\/781270.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2015\/781270.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T11:32:40Z","timestamp":1498217560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2015\/781270\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["781270","781270"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/781270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1110-757X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-0042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}