{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T13:42:50Z","timestamp":1775050970632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. To compare stromal riboflavin concentration after three corneal cross-linking (CXL) imbibition procedures: standard (EpiOff), transepithelial corneal (EpiOn), and iontophoresis-assisted technique (Ionto) using 0.1% hypotonic riboflavin phosphate.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Randomized open-label pilot clinical study. Twelve corneas\/12 patients with advanced keratoconus were randomly divided into 4 groups for CXL (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The corneas underwent imbibition with standard riboflavin EpiOff and with enhanced riboflavin solution (RICROLIN+) EpiOff, EpiOn, and iontophoresis techniques. Thereafter, deep anterior lamellar keratectomy procedure was performed and the obtained debrided corneal tissues were frozen. The maximal intrastromal riboflavin concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry (mcg\/dg).<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The mean stromal concentration of riboflavin was<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2.02<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.72<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>mcg\/dg in EpiOff group,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">4.33<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.12<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>mcg\/g in EpiOff-RICROLIN+ group,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.63<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.21<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>mcg\/dg in EpiOn-RICROLIN+ group, and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">1.15<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.27<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>mcg\/dg in iontophoresis RICROLIN+ group. A 7-fold decrease in intrastromal riboflavin concentration was observed comparing EpiOn-RICROLIN+ and EpiOff-RICROLIN+ groups.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The present pilot study indicates that both transepithelial CXL techniques in combination with hypotonic enhanced riboflavin formulation (RICROLIN+) were still inferior to the standard CXL technique; however, larger clinical studies to further validate the results are needed and in progress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/794256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,29]],"date-time":"2015-12-29T21:05:21Z","timestamp":1451423121000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluation of Intrastromal Riboflavin Concentration in Human Corneas after Three Corneal Cross-Linking Imbibition Procedures: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Franch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, SS Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Sestiere Castello 6777, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Birattari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, SS Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Sestiere Castello 6777, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Dal Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, SS Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Sestiere Castello 6777, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zala","family":"Lu\u017enik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, c\/o Padiglione G. Rama, Via Paccagnella 11, Zelarino, 30174 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Grablovi\u010deva Ulica 46, 1525 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohit","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, c\/o Padiglione G. Rama, Via Paccagnella 11, Zelarino, 30174 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, c\/o Padiglione G. Rama, Via Paccagnella 11, Zelarino, 30174 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Ponzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto, c\/o Padiglione G. 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