{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:18:38Z","timestamp":1789373918357,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5RO1 NS46259-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5RO1 NS46259-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-2002-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-2002-185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000901","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5RO1 NS46259-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5RO1 NS46259-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000901","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-2002-185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-2002-185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropad is currently a categorical visual screening test that identifies diabetic patients at risk of foot ulceration. The diagnostic performance of Neuropad was compared between the categorical and continuous (image-analysis (Sudometrics)) outputs to diagnose diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). 110 subjects with type 1 and 2 diabetes underwent assessment with Neuropad, Neuropathy Disability Score (NDS), peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (PMNCV), sural nerve action potential (SNAP), Deep Breathing-Heart Rate Variability (DB-HRV), intraepidermal nerve fibre density (IENFD), and corneal confocal microscopy (CCM). 46\/110 patients had DPN according to the Toronto consensus. The continuous output displayed high sensitivity and specificity for DB-HRV (91%, 83%), CNFD (88%, 78%), and SNAP (88%, 83%), whereas the categorical output showed high sensitivity but low specificity. The optimal cut-off points were 90% for the detection of autonomic dysfunction (DB-HRV) and 80% for small fibre neuropathy (CNFD). The diagnostic efficacy of the continuous Neuropad output for abnormal DB-HRV (AUC: 91%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and CNFD (AUC: 82%,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) was better than for PMNCV (AUC: 60%). The categorical output showed no significant difference in diagnostic efficacy for these same measures. An image analysis algorithm generating a continuous output (Sudometrics) improved the diagnostic ability of Neuropad, particularly in detecting autonomic and small fibre neuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/847854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,12]],"date-time":"2015-05-12T17:06:24Z","timestamp":1431450384000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Automated Quantification of Neuropad Improves Its Diagnostic Ability in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Ponirakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Fadavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis N.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazli","family":"Azmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ferdousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Dabbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"},{"name":"Roke Manor Research Ltd, Old Salisbury Lane, Romsey, Hampshire SO51 0ZN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Kheyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uazman","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Ahmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jeziorska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Development, Centre for Endocrinology & Diabetes, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and NIHR\/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, P.O. 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