{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:55:55Z","timestamp":1763535355469,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a vector-borne parasitic zoonotic disease. The disease caused by<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/jats:italic>is the most prevalent in Africa. Early diagnosis is hampered by lack of sensitive diagnostic techniques. This study explored the potential of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of<jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>infection in a vervet monkey HAT model. Six vervet monkeys were experimentally infected with<jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>IL3253 and monitored for 180 days after infection. Parasitaemia was scored daily. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, and urine samples were collected weekly. PCR and LAMP were performed on serum, CSF, saliva, and urine samples. The detection by LAMP was significantly higher than that of parasitological methods and PCR in all the samples. The performance of LAMP varied between the samples and was better in serum followed by saliva and then urine samples. In the saliva samples, LAMP had 100% detection between 21 and 77\u2009dpi, whereas in urine the detection it was slightly lower, but there was over 80% detection between 28 and 91\u2009dpi. However, LAMP could not detect trypanosomes in either saliva or urine after 140 and 126\u2009dpi, respectively. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of LAMP in diagnosis of HAT using saliva and urine samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/867846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,4]],"date-time":"2015-10-04T21:07:57Z","timestamp":1443992877000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of<i>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/i>in Urine and Saliva Samples in Nonhuman Primate Model"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Maina","family":"Ngotho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Department, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), P.O. Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John Maina","family":"Kagira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health and Production Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice Muthoni","family":"Gachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon Muturi","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxwell Wambua","family":"Waema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn Nyawira","family":"Maranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Science Department, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), P.O. Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi Wangari","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182013002102"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000590"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38859.531354.7c"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00623.x"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.12.4646-4651.2002"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(03)00090-X"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-6851(01)00208-0"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.07.007"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-706x(02)00029-3"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.41.12.5517-5524.2003"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.006"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000147"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01817-10"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12100"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"18","first-page":"384","volume":"27","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"3","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.289","volume":"67","year":"2002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.5.360"},{"issue":"2","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13607J","volume":"39","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.345-350.2000","volume":"38","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-4598(199808)21:8lt;1064::aid-mus11>3.0.co;2-u"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000972"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.08.026"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.05.004"},{"year":"2001","key":"27"},{"key":"28","first-page":"35","volume":"11","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.03.005"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002504"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(14)70203-7"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/867846.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/867846.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/867846.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T22:26:27Z","timestamp":1748643987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2015\/867846\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["867846","867846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/867846","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2314-6133"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2314-6141"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}