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Despite the clinical and biological differences between these diseases, common pathophysiological mechanisms have been identified in MPN. First, aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling due to somatic mutations in certain driver genes is common to these MPN. Second, alterations of the bone marrow microenvironment are found in all MPN types and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the diseases. Finally, elevated levels of proinflammatory and microenvironment\u2010regulating cytokines are commonly found in all MPN\u2010variants. In this paper, we review the effects of MPN\u2010related oncogenes on cytokine expression and release and describe common as well as distinct pathogenetic mechanisms underlying microenvironmental changes in various MPN. Furthermore, targeting of the microenvironment in MPN is discussed. Such novel therapies may enhance the efficacy and may overcome resistance to established tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in these patients. Nevertheless, additional basic studies on the complex interplay of neoplastic and stromal cells are required in order to optimize targeting strategies and to translate these concepts into clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/869242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T14:46:08Z","timestamp":1444747568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Cytokine Regulation of Microenvironmental Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Gregor","family":"Hoermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Valent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404955"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-077966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.29.8711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","first-page":"1497","article-title":"A minute chromosome in human granulocytic leukemia","volume":"132","author":"Nowell P. 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