{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:07:19Z","timestamp":1788516439881,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":272,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The liver is the major organ for the metabolism of three major nutrients: protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is the major cause of chronic liver disease. Liver cirrhosis (LC) results from different mechanisms of liver injury that lead to necroinflammation and fibrosis. LC has been seen to be not a single disease entity but one that can be graded into distinct clinical stages related to clinical outcome. Several noninvasive methods have been developed for assessing liver fibrosis and these methods have been used for predicting prognosis in patients with LC. On the other hand, subjects with LC often have protein\u2010energy malnutrition (PEM) and poor physical activity. These conditions often result in sarcopenia, which is the loss of skeletal muscle volume and increased muscle weakness. Recent studies have demonstrated that PEM and sarcopenia are predictive factors for poorer survival in patients with LC. Based on these backgrounds, several methods for evaluating nutritional status in patients with chronic liver disease have been developed and they have been preferably used in the clinical field practice. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge in the field of LC from the viewpoints of diagnostic method, nutritional status, and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/872152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T21:18:41Z","timestamp":1443734321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Liver Cirrhosis: Evaluation, Nutritional Status, and Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Osaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.295S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01163.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)60383-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i2.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i30.4841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","first-page":"50","volume-title":"The Liver and Portal Hypertension","author":"Child C. G.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280322"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350300038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.11212"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa0801209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.11665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20871"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3691"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0946-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533612469027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","first-page":"339","article-title":"Subjective global assessment: alternative nutrition-assessment technique for liver-transplant candidates","volume":"9","author":"Hasse J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032012000100005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","first-page":"38","article-title":"CONUT: a tool for controlling nutritional status. First validation in a hospital population","volume":"20","author":"Ignacio de Ul\u00edbarri J.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutricion Hospitalaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","first-page":"564","article-title":"Confirming the validity of the CONUT system for early detection and monitoring of clinical undernutrition; comparison with two logistic regression models developed using SGA as the gold standard","volume":"27","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Madro\u00f1o A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrici\u00f3n Hospitalaria"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Albumin and prealbumin may predict retinol status in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Chang W.-T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00626-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","first-page":"382","article-title":"Routine tests of renal function, alcoholism, and nutrition improve the prognostic accuracy of Child-Pugh score in nonbleeding advanced cirrhotics","volume":"88","author":"Abad-Lacruz A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Comparison of nutritional status between patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Panagaria N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tropical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23495"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0069-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.03.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.990S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2012.00851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-015-1068-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607193017002119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/meg.0b013e328359a759"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0071-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1794-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0261-5614(99)80014-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-9007(97)90877-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Correlation between anthropometrics measurements, prealbumin level and transferin serum with Child-Pugh classification in evaluating nutritional status of liver cirrhosis patient","volume":"36","author":"Yovita H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Medica Indonesiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2007.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0435"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12505"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V6175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000111245.75752.C6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12194"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","first-page":"472","article-title":"Effects of low dose zinc supplementation on biochemical markers in non-alcoholic cirrhosis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Somi M. H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00017-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034x.2008.00434.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000327571"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0158-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0031-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2008.00319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2009.00634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607102026001011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.1997.v25.pm0008985281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0238-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-198212000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.2969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-014-2680-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_2","unstructured":"VoronT. TselikasL. PietraszD.et al. Sarcopenia impacts on short- and long-term results of hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma Annals of Surgery. In press."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-015-2988-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2348-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037563"}],"container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2015\/872152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2015\/872152.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2015\/872152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T21:33:04Z","timestamp":1722893584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2015\/872152"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ekihiro","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2015\/872152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/872152","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-9351","1466-1861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-9351","type":"print"},{"value":"1466-1861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"872152"}}