{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:37:39Z","timestamp":1784335059499,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction.<\/jats:italic>Primary malignant melanoma of the urethra is a rare tumour (0.2% of all melanomas) that most commonly affects the meatus and distal urethra and is three times more common in women than men.<jats:italic>Case.<\/jats:italic>A 76-year-old lady presented with vaginal pain and discharge. On examination, a 4\u2009cm mass was noted in the vagina and biopsy confirmed melanoma of a balloon type. Preoperative CT showed no distant metastases and an MRI scan of the pelvis demonstrated no associated lymphadenopathy. She underwent anterior exenterative surgery and vaginectomy also. Histology confirmed a urethral nodular malignant melanoma.<jats:italic>Discussion.<\/jats:italic>First-line treatment of melanoma is often surgical. Adjuvant treatment including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy has also been reported. Even with aggressive management, malignant melanoma of the urogenital tract generally has a poor prognosis. Recurrence rates are high and the mean period between diagnosis and recurrence is 12.5 months. A 5-year survival rate of less than 20% has been reported in balloon cell melanomas along with nearly 20% developing local recurrence.<jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first report of balloon cell melanoma arising in the urethra. The presentation and surgical management has been described and a literature review provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/919584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T21:04:34Z","timestamp":1436907874000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Balloon Cell Urethral Melanoma: Differential Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"McComiskey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Iavazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Slade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Winter-Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Lambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. K.","family":"Sangar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynaecological Oncology Department, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3130-3"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01615.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/385175"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.09.008"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200006000-00003"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0748-7983(98)94004-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"7","first-page":"29","volume":"14","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","first-page":"208","volume":"11","year":"1976","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.126457"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2008.05.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920615)69:12<2942::AID-CNCR2820691213>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"69","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"13","first-page":"315","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1979.01020020255014"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2012.00638.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0190-9622(85)70173-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"15","first-page":"231","volume":"4","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annales de Pathologie"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/criog\/2015\/919584.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/criog\/2015\/919584.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/criog\/2015\/919584.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T15:40:38Z","timestamp":1498232438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/criog\/2015\/919584\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["919584","919584"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/919584","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-6684","2090-6692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-6684","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-6692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}