{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:59:19Z","timestamp":1788969559397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminth infections typically induce a type-2 immune response (Th2), but no immunoepidemiological studies have been undertaken in Honduras, an endemic country where the main control strategy is children\u2019s annual deworming. We aimed to characterize the immune profile of Honduran schoolchildren harbouring these parasitoses. Demographic and epidemiological data were obtained through a survey; nutritional status was assessed through anthropometry; intestinal parasites were diagnosed by formol-ether and Kato-Katz; and blood samples were collected to determine immunological markers including Th1\/Th2 cytokines, IgE, and eosinophil levels. A total of 225 children participated in the study, all of whom had received deworming during the national campaign five months prior to the study. Trichuriasis and ascariasis prevalence were 22.2% and 20.4%, respectively. Stunting was associated with both age and trichuriasis, whereas ascariasis was associated with sex and household conditions. Helminth infections were strongly associated with eosinophilia and hyper-IgE as well as with a Th2-polarized response (increased levels of IL-13, IL-10, and IL4\/IFN-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>ratios and decreased levels of IFN-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Pathogenic protozoa infections were associated with a Th1 response characterized by elevated levels of IFN-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>and decreased IL10\/IFN-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>ratios. Even at low prevalence levels, STH infections affect children\u2019s nutrition and play a polarizing role in their immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1769585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T21:00:29Z","timestamp":1478034029000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Immune Profile of Honduran Schoolchildren with Intestinal Parasites: The Skewed Response against Geohelminths"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7349-9154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Gabrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Mercedes","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), 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