{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1790229131460,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI12C0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI12C0050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthraquinone compounds are one of the abundant polyphenols found in fruits, vegetables, and herbs. However, the<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>anti-inflammatory activity and molecular mechanisms of anthraquinones have not been fully elucidated. We investigated the activity of anthraquinones using acute inflammatory and nociceptive experimental conditions. Anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid (9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid, AQCA), one of the major anthraquinones identified from Brazilian taheebo, ameliorated various inflammatory and algesic symptoms in EtOH\/HCl- and acetylsalicylic acid- (ASA-) induced gastritis, arachidonic acid-induced edema, and acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing without displaying toxic profiles in body and organ weight, gastric irritation, or serum parameters. In addition, AQCA suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 in stomach tissues and lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells. According to reporter gene assay and immunoblotting analyses, AQCA inhibited activation of the nuclear factor- (NF-)<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>B and activator protein- (AP-) 1 pathways by suppression of upstream signaling involving interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK1), p38, Src, and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Our data strongly suggest that anthraquinones such as AQCA act as potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive components<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, thus contributing to the immune regulatory role of fruits and herbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1903849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,3]],"date-time":"2016-01-03T16:00:59Z","timestamp":1451836859000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Activities of Anthraquinone-2-Carboxylic Acid"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Jae Gwang","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans 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