{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:30:59Z","timestamp":1787729459055,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioural Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientific debate over chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has drawn attention to venous system involvement in a series of pathologic brain conditions. In the last few decades, the MRI venography (MRV) field has developed a number of valuable sequences to better investigate structural anatomy, vessel patency, and flow characteristics of venous drainage in the intra- and extracranial systems. A brief two-tier protocol is proposed to encompass the study of intra- and extracranial venous drainage with and without contrast administration, respectively. Contrast-enhanced protocol is based on time-resolved contrast-enhanced MRV of the whole region plus extracranial flow quantification through 2D Cine phase contrast (PC); non-contrast-enhanced protocol includes intracranial 3D PC, extracranial 2D time of flight (TOF), and 2D Cine PC flow quantification. Total scanning time is reasonable for clinical applications: approximately seven minutes is allocated for the contrast protocol (most of which is due to 2D Cine PC), while the noncontrast protocol accounts for around twenty minutes. We believe that a short though exhaustive MRI scan of the whole intra- and extracranial venous drainage system can be valuable for a variety of pathologic conditions, given the possible venous implication in several neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2694504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T17:02:46Z","timestamp":1464714166000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Intra- and Extracranial MR Venography: Technical Notes, Clinical Application, and Imaging Development"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Germani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Casimiro Mondino, Via 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