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Melatonin acts as a free\u2010radical scavenger, reducing reactive species and improving mitochondrial homeostasis. Melatonin also regulates the expression of neurotrophins that are involved in the survival of dopaminergic neurons and reduces <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2010synuclein aggregation, thus protecting the dopaminergic system against damage. The unbalance of pineal melatonin synthesis can predispose the organism to inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the potential role of the melatoninergic system in the pathogenesis and treatment of PD. The literature reviewed here indicates that PD is associated with impaired brain expression of melatonin and its receptors MT<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and MT<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Exogenous melatonin treatment presented an outstanding neuroprotective effect in animal models of PD induced by different toxins, such as 6\u2010hydroxydopamine (6\u2010OHDA), 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, paraquat, and maneb. Despite the neuroprotective effects and the improvement of motor impairments, melatonin also presents the potential to improve nonmotor symptoms commonly experienced by PD patients such as sleep and anxiety disorders, depression, and memory dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3472032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]],"date-time":"2016-10-18T21:09:22Z","timestamp":1476824962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Melatoninergic System in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9993-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiel Mileno","family":"Mack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa Giovanna","family":"Schamne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuane Bazanella","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata Aparecida Nedel","family":"P\u00e9rtile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Augusto Carlos Magno","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina P.","family":"Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-6463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Daniel","family":"Prediger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.141.3577.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)45266-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14048638"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140610979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1579-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1203614"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.280401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.300408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079x.2007.00466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Thirty four years since the discovery of gastrointestinal melatonin","volume":"59","author":"Bubenik G. 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