{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:10:50Z","timestamp":1777504250287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Low Vision Clinic of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the level of agreement between Javal\u2019s rule, autorefraction, retinoscopy, and refractive astigmatism and to determine which technique is the most suitable substitute when subjective refraction is not applicable using a clinical sample. A total of 36 subjects, 14 males and 22 females, were involved in this study. The intraclass correlation coefficients between subjective refraction, autorefraction, and retinoscopy were 0.895 and 0.989, respectively, for the spherical equivalent. The Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement between subjective refraction and autorefraction; subjective refraction and retinoscopy; and autorefraction and retinoscopy were \u22122.84 to 3.58, \u22120.88 to 1.12, and \u22123.01 to 3.53, respectively, for the spherical equivalent. The intraclass correlation coefficients between spectacle total astigmatism and the following techniques were as follows: retinoscopy (0.85); autorefraction (0.92); Javal\u2019s rule (0.82); and Grosvenor et al. version (0.85). The Bland-Altman 95% limits of agreement between subjective refraction and autorefraction; subjective refraction and retinoscopy; subjective refraction and Javal\u2019s rule; and subjective refraction and Grosvenor et al. version were \u22120.87 to 1.25, \u22121.49 to 1.99, \u22120.73 to 1.93, and \u22120.89 to 1.7, respectively, for the total astigmatism. The study showed that autorefraction and Javal\u2019s rule may provide a starting point for subjective refraction cylinder power determination but only retinoscopy may satisfactorily replace subjective refraction total astigmatism when subjective refraction is not applicable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3584137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1476118977000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Autorefraction, Retinoscopy, Javal\u2019s Rule, and Grosvenor\u2019s Modified Javal\u2019s Rule: The Best Predictor of Refractive Astigmatism"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Kofi","family":"Asiedu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Refraction and Low Vision Clinic, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Eye Center, P.O. 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