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The aim of our research is to develop and evaluate a BCI control application for certain assistive technologies that can be used for remote telepresence or remote driving. The communication channel to the target device is based on the steady-state visual evoked potentials. In order to test the control application, a mobile robotic car (MRC) was introduced and a four-class BCI graphical user interface (with live video feedback and stimulation boxes on the same screen) for piloting the MRC was designed. For the purpose of evaluating a potential real-life scenario for such assistive technology, we present a study where 61 subjects steered the MRC through a predetermined route. All 61 subjects were able to control the MRC and finish the experiment (mean time 207.08\u2009s, SD 50.25) with a mean (SD) accuracy and ITR of 93.03% (5.73) and 14.07\u2009bits\/min (4.44), respectively. The results show that our proposed SSVEP-based BCI control application is suitable for mobile robots with a shared-control approach. We also did not observe any negative influence of the simultaneous live video feedback and SSVEP stimulation on the performance of the BCI system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4909685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T17:02:44Z","timestamp":1469552564000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Driving a Semiautonomous Mobile Robotic Car Controlled by an SSVEP-Based BCI"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-5793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Piotr","family":"Stawicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Gembler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6555-7617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivan","family":"Volosyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology and Bionics, Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences, 47533 Kleve, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"1999"},{"key":"2","year":"1953"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/829835"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mis.2008.41"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2010.00161"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263x.2015.1008956"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910910980141"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975486"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2012.2190299"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsmcb.2011.2177968"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.11.005"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(66)90088-5"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060208"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2300164"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/3\/036020"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.897815"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/94561"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2011.2121919"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mci.2009.934562"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.0923"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0263574713001021"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074583"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2014.00020"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142168"},{"key":"35","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Brain-robot interfaces using spatial tactile BCI paradigms","year":"2015"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.02.002"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00474"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17482961003777470"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbme.2006.889160"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00057-3"}],"container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/4909685.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/4909685.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/4909685.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T17:02:47Z","timestamp":1469552567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/4909685\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["4909685","4909685"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/4909685","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-5265","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-5273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}