{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:53:19Z","timestamp":1773280399441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":242,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006565","name":"University of Johannesburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001325","name":"Cancer Association of South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Sutherlandia frutescens<\/jats:italic> is a medicinal plant indigenous to Southern Africa and is commonly known as the \u201ccancer bush.\u201d This plant has traditionally been used for the treatment of various ailments, although it is best known for its claims of activity against \u201cinternal\u201d cancers. Here we report on its effect on melanoma cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an extract of <jats:italic>S. frutescens<\/jats:italic> could induce apoptosis in the A375 melanoma cell line and to outline the basic mechanism of action. <jats:italic>S. frutescens<\/jats:italic> extract induced apoptosis in A375 cells as evidenced by morphological features of apoptosis, phosphatidylserine exposure, nuclear condensation, caspase activation, and the release of cytochrome <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> from the mitochondria. Studies in the presence of a pan\u2010caspase inhibitor allude to caspase\u2010independent cell death, which appeared to be mediated by the apoptosis inducing factor. Taken together, the results of this study show that <jats:italic>S. frutescens<\/jats:italic> extract is effective in inducing apoptosis in malignant melanoma cells and indicates that further <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> mechanistic studies may be warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4921067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]],"date-time":"2016-08-30T22:28:37Z","timestamp":1472596117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Induction of Apoptosis in A375 Malignant Melanoma Cells by <i>Sutherlandia frutescens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Nicola B.","family":"van der Walt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Zakeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-2689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne J.","family":"Cronj\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","unstructured":"HerbstM. 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(Fabaceae Galegea) [M.S. thesis] 2008 Rand Afrikaans University Johannesburg South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","unstructured":"JosephA. E. Comparison of the sutherlandioside B levels in two commercially available sutherlandia preparations and the effect of elevated temperature and humidity on these levels [M.S. dissertation] 2009 University of the Western Cape Cape Town South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","unstructured":"SeierJ. V. MdhluliM. DhansayM. A. LozaJ. andLaubscherR. A toxicity study of Sutherlandia leaf powder (Sutherlandia microphylla) Consumption Medical Research Council of South Africa Final Report 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0020016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-002-0522-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35085008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2006.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400484"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.187.3.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-13-59"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-04-2223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","unstructured":"JenkinsS. Insights into the mechanism of drug action of a novel silver (I) chemotherapeutic against a malignant melanoma cell line [M.S. thesis] 2014 University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.01.010"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2016\/4921067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2016\/4921067.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2016\/4921067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:35:41Z","timestamp":1722904541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2016\/4921067"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ghee T.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2016\/4921067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/4921067","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-427X","1741-4288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-08-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4921067"}}