{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:52:45Z","timestamp":1777657965514,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2014R1A2A1A10049727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2014R1A2A1A10049727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRGP-726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRGP-726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2014R1A2A1A10049727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2014R1A2A1A10049727"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004681","name":"Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SRGP-726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRGP-726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We analyse and compare the classification accuracies of six different classifiers for a two-class mental task (mental arithmetic and rest) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals. The signals of the mental arithmetic and rest tasks from the prefrontal cortex region of the brain for seven healthy subjects were acquired using a multichannel continuous-wave imaging system. After removal of the physiological noises, six features were extracted from the oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) signals. Two- and three-dimensional combinations of those features were used for classification of mental tasks. In the classification, six different modalities, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA),<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-nearest neighbour (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>k<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>NN), the Na\u00efve Bayes approach, support vector machine (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANN), were utilized. With these classifiers, the average classification accuracies among the seven subjects for the 2- and 3-dimensional combinations of features were 71.6, 90.0, 69.7, 89.8, 89.5, and 91.4% and 79.6, 95.2, 64.5, 94.8, 95.2, and 96.3%, respectively. ANN showed the maximum classification accuracies: 91.4 and 96.3%. In order to validate the results, a statistical significance test was performed, which confirmed that the<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>values were statistically significant relative to all of the other classifiers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.005) using HbO signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5480760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,20]],"date-time":"2016-09-20T17:04:38Z","timestamp":1474391078000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Analysis of Different Classification Techniques for Two-Class Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Brain-Computer Interface"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-6403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noman","family":"Naseer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Sector E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nauman Khalid","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Sector E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzan Majeed","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Air University, Sector E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keum-Shik","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00057-3"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2973"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/2\/024002"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941104200412"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/7\/5\/056004"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3699-6"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00244"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10044-014-0425-3"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059413491559"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0079-6123(09)17719-1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1465-y"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/813696"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-3291-6_88","volume":"191","year":"1985","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1993.66"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/25\/4\/003"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/4\/3\/007"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ietisy\/e90-d.7.1028"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.08.021"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3764-1"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.5.001778"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00237"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00158"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00003"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90181-j"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90679-3"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0270"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/33\/12\/008"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/49\/14\/n07"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.929199"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/7\/2\/026002"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnsre.2010.2078516"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00418"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0792-5"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2012.01.002"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15599612.2011.633209"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.028"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.19.7.077005"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.023"},{"key":"41","first-page":"699","volume-title":"Assessment of cognitive neural correlates for a functional near infrared-based brain-computer interface system","volume":"5638","year":"2009"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121279"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4812785"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/066004"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.005"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-34"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/1\/016003"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1960907"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00311-2"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925x-9-82"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.09.011"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.18.1.017003"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.1145"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.2.0315"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.030"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.12.029"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2012.718293"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015474"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.01.009"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-39"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/4\/2\/r01"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/2\/026022"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00709"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478752"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1053964"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1007465528199"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jbo.19.6.067009"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1009715923555"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/2\/026012"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00516"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.971"},{"key":"70","first-page":"588","volume-title":"On the dangers of cross-validation. An experimental evaluation","year":"2008"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/boe.6.004063"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s012906571650012x"}],"container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/5480760.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/5480760.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/5480760.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T10:45:30Z","timestamp":1526640330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2016\/5480760\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["5480760","5480760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/5480760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5265","1687-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-5265","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-5273","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}