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During the absorption of meals, the gut is thought to regulate insulin secretion by secreting a specific factor that targets pancreatic beta cells. Additional research confirmed this hypothesis with the discovery of two hormones called incretins: gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). During meals, specific cells in the gut (L and K enteroendocrine cells) secrete incretins, causing an increase in the blood concentrations of, respectively, GLP-1 and GIP. Bariatric surgery is now proposed during the therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes in obese or overweight populations. It has been hypothesized that restoration of endogenous GLP-1 secretion after the surgery may contribute to the postsurgical resolution of diabetes. In 2005, the commercialization of GLP-1 receptor agonists gave the possibility to test this hypothesis. A few years later, it is now accepted that GLP-1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery differently improve type 2 diabetes. These differences between endogenous and exogenous GLP-1 on glucose homeostasis emphasized the dual properties of GLP-1 as a peptide hormone and as a neurotransmitter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5908656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,12]],"date-time":"2016-06-12T21:01:20Z","timestamp":1465765280000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Increasing GLP-1 Circulating Levels by Bariatric Surgery or by GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Therapy: Why Are the Clinical Consequences so Different?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Amouyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiometabolism and Nutrition Institute (ICAN), Heart and Metabolism Department, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital (APHP), 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMRS U1166 (Eq 6) Nutriomics, UPMC, Pierre et Marie Curie Faculty Paris 6, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, 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