{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:31:46Z","timestamp":1791815506118,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An increased risk of ALS has been reported for veterans, varsity athletes, and professional football players. The mechanism underlying the increased risk in these populations has not been identified; however, it has been proposed that motor nerve injury may trigger immune responses which, in turn, can accelerate the progression of ALS. Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormal immune reactions and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, but the specific immune cells involved have not been clearly defined. To understand how nerve injury and immune responses may contribute to ALS development, we investigated responses of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell after facial motor nerve axotomy (FNA) at a presymptomatic stage in a transgenic mouse model of ALS (B6SJL<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D<\/mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">G<\/mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">93<\/mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>).<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D<\/mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">G<\/mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">93<\/mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>mice, compared with WT mice, displayed an increase in the basal activation state of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and higher frequency of Th17 cells, which were further enhanced by FNA. In conclusion,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D<\/mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">G<\/mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">93<\/mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>mice exhibit abnormal CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell activation with increased levels of Th17 cells prior to the onset of neurological symptoms. Motor nerve injury exacerbates Th17 cell responses and may contribute to the development of ALS, especially in those who carry genetic susceptibility to this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6131234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,18]],"date-time":"2016-04-18T17:02:21Z","timestamp":1460998941000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Th17 Cell Response in<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">D<\/mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">G<\/mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">93<\/mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>Mice following Motor Nerve Injury"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Allen","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Disease, Gansu Province Chinese Traditional Medicine Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole A.","family":"Mesnard-Hoaglin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan B.","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan O.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia M.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Research and Development Service, Roudebush VA Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Foecking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines, Jr. VA 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