{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T22:49:54Z","timestamp":1788648594854,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Experimental and clinical studies suggest a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and both diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We have performed a cross-sectional study in adults with types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. The relationship between the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was evaluated using logistic regression analyses in the presence of demographic and clinical covariates.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. 657 adults with diabetes were stratified based on retinopathy grading: No Diabetic Retinopathy (39%), Background Diabetic Retinopathy (37%), Preproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (21%), and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (3%), respectively. There were no differences in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) between the groups (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">15.3<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">9.0<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">16.4<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10.5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">15.9<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10.4<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">15.7<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">8.5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>\u2009ng\/mL,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated no statistically significant relationship between the severity of retinopathy and serum 25(OH)D. Furthermore, there was no difference in serum 25(OH)D between those with (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">94<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 14%) and those without (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">563<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 86%) Diabetic Maculopathy (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">16.2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10.0<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">15.8<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">9.8<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>) and no relationship was demonstrated by logistic regression analyses between the two variables.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. This study has found no association between serum 25(OH)D and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy or maculopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6156217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]],"date-time":"2016-01-15T03:58:47Z","timestamp":1452830327000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency Is Not Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy or Maculopathy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Uazman","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasar","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anges Wan Shan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Asghar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis N.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayaz A.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester and the Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9NT, UK"},{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-58"},{"issue":"11","key":"3","first-page":"844","volume":"82","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health 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