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Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of IL-1<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, and TNF-<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math> were significantly lower in the group of mice receiving the COS diet; also the jejunal production of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) was suppressed in the COS group. These results indicate the intervention influenced inflammation and controlled<jats:italic> E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7432845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T22:10:17Z","timestamp":1482531017000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Chitosan Modulates Inflammatory Responses in Rats Infected with Enterotoxigenic<i> Escherichia coli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-5134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China"},{"name":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9337-6191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6850-9626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guiping","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-6328","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naif A.","family":"Al-Dhabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 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