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Measuring NKG2C<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>natural killer (NK) cell expansion to investigate NK responses against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and assessing relationships with adaptive immunity against HCMV.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Expansion of NKG2C<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from groups distinguished by HCMV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection status. Anti-HCMV antibody levels against HCMV-infected MRC-5 cell lysate were assessed by ELISA and HCMV-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell responses characterized by intracellular flow cytometry following PBMC stimulation with immunodominant HCMV peptides.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Median NK, antibody, and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell responses against HCMV were significantly greater in the HCMV<jats:bold>\/<\/jats:bold>HIV coinfected group than the group infected with CMV alone. The fraction of CMV-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells expressing CD28 correlated inversely with NKG2C<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK expansion in HIV infection.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Our data reveal no significant direct relationships between NK and adaptive immunity against HCMV. However, stronger NK and adaptive immune responses against HCMV and an inverse correlation between NKG2C<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>NK expansion and proliferative reserve of HCMV-specific CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells, as signified by CD28 expression, indicate parallel evolution of NK and T cell responses against HCMV in HIV infection. Similar aspects of chronic HCMV infection may drive both NK and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell memory inflation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7470124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,29]],"date-time":"2016-05-29T17:00:46Z","timestamp":1464541246000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["NKG2C<sup>+<\/sup>CD57<sup>+<\/sup>Natural Killer Cell Expansion Parallels Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8<sup>+<\/sup>T Cell Evolution towards Senescence"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Heath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL, Canada A1B 3V6"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Newhook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of 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