{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:04:24Z","timestamp":1789682664796,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009157","name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>in free-range chickens is a good indicator of possible risk to human beings. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>in free-range chicken using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brain samples from 105 free-range chickens from three administrative areas in Thika region, Kenya, were collected, DNA-extracted, and analyzed using PCR to detect presence of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>. The overall prevalence of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>in all the three areas was 79.0% (95% CI: 70.0\u201386.4%) and the prevalence across the three areas was not significantly different (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.5088<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03c7<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">1.354<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Female chickens had higher (79.4%) prevalence than males (78.6%), although the difference was not significant (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.922<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03c7<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>= 0.01). However, chickens that were more than 2 years old had significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03c7<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>= 11.87) higher prevalence compared to younger ones. The study indicates that there was a high occurrence of<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>infection in free-range chickens from Thika region and that the infection rate is age dependent. Further studies should be carried out to determine the possible role of roaming chickens in the epidemiology of the disease among humans in the area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7589278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,17]],"date-time":"2016-11-17T21:04:25Z","timestamp":1479416665000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Detection of Natural<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>Infection in Chicken in Thika Region of Kenya Using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6891-4093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Mokua","family":"Mose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 45240, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, JKUAT, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-2113","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Maina","family":"Kagira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon Muturi","family":"Karanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, JKUAT, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maina","family":"Ngotho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health and Production, Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 342, Thika 01000, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Muchina","family":"Kamau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, JKUAT, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele Nyambura","family":"Njuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, JKUAT, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7577-5140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naomi Wangari","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, JKUAT, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii strain variations and pathogenicity","year":"2000"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90336-6"},{"key":"5","year":"1988"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(73)80307-5"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v84i1.191"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01274.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.2016.v106i4.8777"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.01.009"},{"key":"12","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"13","first-page":"669","volume":"218","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-2"},{"key":"15","year":"2002"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182012000765"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/ge-683.1"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762010000700018"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.05.007"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0627:potgai]2.0.co;2"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.10.031"},{"issue":"6","key":"22","first-page":"1105","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90077-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.3.897-904.1996","volume":"64","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"25","first-page":"48","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"26","first-page":"301","volume":"9","year":"1990","journal-title":"Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.476-488.2001"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01444.x"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01332.x"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.05.008"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2016\/7589278.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2016\/7589278.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2016\/7589278.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T10:51:01Z","timestamp":1601203861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2016\/7589278\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["7589278","7589278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7589278","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016]]}}}