{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T11:53:45Z","timestamp":1720007625178},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliability is a key factor for application-oriented Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) which are utilized for gaining certain objectives and a demand always exists for efficient data routing mechanisms. Cooperative routing is a promising technique which utilizes the broadcast feature of wireless medium and forwards data with cooperation using sensor nodes as relays. Here, we present a cooperation-based routing protocol for underwater networks to enhance their performance called Stochastic Performance Analysis with Reliability and Cooperation (SPARCO). Cooperative communication is explored in order to design an energy-efficient routing scheme for UWSNs. Each node of the network is assumed to be consisting of a single omnidirectional antenna and multiple nodes cooperatively forward their transmissions taking advantage of spatial diversity to reduce energy consumption. Both multihop and single-hop schemes are exploited which contribute to lowering of path-losses present in the channels connecting nodes and forwarding of data. Simulations demonstrate that SPARCO protocol functions better regarding end-to-end delay, network lifetime, and energy consumption comparative to noncooperative routing protocol\u2014improved Adaptive Mobility of Courier nodes in Threshold-optimized Depth-based routing (iAMCTD). The performance is also compared with three cooperation-based routing protocols for UWSN: Cognitive Cooperation (Cog-Coop), Cooperative Depth-Based Routing (CoDBR), and Cooperative Partner Node Selection Criteria for Cooperative Routing (Coop Re and dth).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7604163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,7]],"date-time":"2016-02-07T21:00:35Z","timestamp":1454878835000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["SPARCO: Stochastic Performance Analysis with Reliability and Cooperation for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Sheeraz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"},{"name":"Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), Peshawar, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashfaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imran","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Management Sciences (IMS), Peshawar, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehr Yahya","family":"Durrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armughan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Bilal","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manzoor","family":"Ilahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, 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