{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:14:30Z","timestamp":1779210870571,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. The neonatal immune system is not fully developed at birth; newborns have adequate lymphocytes counts but these cells lack function.<jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. To assess the activity of T-cells and the influence of the main perinatal factors in very preterm infants (birth weight &lt; 1500\u2009g).<jats:italic>Design<\/jats:italic>. Blood samples from 59 preterm infants (21\/59 were dizygotic twins) were collected at birth and at 30 days of life to measure CD4+ T-cell activity using the ImmuKnow\u2122 assay. Fifteen healthy adults were included as a control group.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. CD4+ T-cell activity was lower in VLBW infants compared with adults (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Twins showed lower immune activity compared to singletons (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.005<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Infants born vaginally showed higher CD4+ T-cell activity compared to those born by C-section (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.031<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>); infants born after prolonged Premature Rupture of Membranes (pPROM) showed higher CD4+ T-cell activity at birth (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.002<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) compared to infants born without pPROM. Low CD4+ T-cell activity at birth is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the first week of life (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.049<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Preterm infants show a lack in CD4+ T-cell activity at birth. Perinatal factors such as intrauterine inflammation, mode of delivery, and zygosity can influence the adaptive immune activation capacity at birth and can contribute to exposing these infants to serious complications such as NEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8374328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T21:02:41Z","timestamp":1481662961000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Altered Intracellular ATP Production by Activated CD4+ T-Cells in Very Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3655-9741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulia","family":"Aquilano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrical, Gynecological, and Pediatric Sciences, Operative Unit of Neonatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0124-0829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Capretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrical, Gynecological, and Pediatric Sciences, Operative Unit of Neonatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-9552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrical, Gynecological, and Pediatric Sciences, Operative Unit of Neonatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Corvaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrical, Gynecological, and Pediatric Sciences, Operative Unit of Neonatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-0379","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arianna","family":"Aceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrical, Gynecological, and Pediatric Sciences, Operative Unit of Neonatology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Gabrielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine, Microbiology, St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Chiereghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialized, Experimental, 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