{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:48:19Z","timestamp":1787017699463,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Purpose.<\/jats:italic>\n                    To evaluate the corneal higher-order aberrations (HOA), contrast sensitivity function (CSF), and light distortion (LD) in patients undergoing orthokeratology (OK).\n                    <jats:italic>Methods.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Twenty healthy subjects (mean age:\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">21.40<\/mml:mn>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">8<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    years) with mean spherical equivalent refractive error\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                      <mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">M<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2.19<\/mml:mn>\n                      <mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.97<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    \u2009D were evaluated at 1 day, 1 month, and 1 year after starting OK treatment. Monocular LD, photopic monocular CSF, and corneal HOA for 6\u2009mm pupil size were measured.\n                    <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    LD showed an increase after the first night (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) and recovery to baseline after 1 month, remaining stable after 1 year (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ). Spherical-like, coma-like, and secondary astigmatism HOA RMS increased significantly (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.022<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) from baseline to 1-month visit, remaining unchanged over the follow-up. Contrast sensitivity for medium frequencies (3.0, 4.24, and 6.00\u2009cpd) was significantly correlated with LD parameters at baseline (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                      <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.529<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ,\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ). However, after 1 year of treatment, this correlation was only statistically significant for 12\u2009cpd spatial frequency (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                      <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.565<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ,\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ). Spherical-like RMS for 6\u2009mm pupil size correlated with irregularity of the LD (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                      <mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.420<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ,\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\">\n                      <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                      <mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    ) at the 1-year visit.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion.<\/jats:italic>\n                    LD experienced by OK patients recovers after one month of treatment and remains stable in the long term while optical aberrations remain significantly higher than baseline.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8453462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,27]],"date-time":"2016-10-27T17:07:31Z","timestamp":1477588051000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Corneal Aberrations, Contrast Sensitivity, and Light Distortion in Orthokeratology Patients: 1-Year Results"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2829-5691","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Santolaria-Sanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Onda, Castellon, Spain"},{"name":"Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics & Optometry & Vision Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8014-3279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cervi\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optometry Research Group, Department of Optics & Optometry & Vision Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9050-4170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9. 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