{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T09:43:45Z","timestamp":1792230225786,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ocular disorders in HIV positive patients attending the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. A cross-sectional study using systematic random sampling was conducted on 295 HIV positive patients. Data collection consisted of semistructured questionnaires, laboratory investigation, medical profile, and ophthalmic examination. Statistical association tests including<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03c7<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, independent<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-test, and ANOVA were done. A<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>value \u2264 0.05 was considered statistically significant.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Of the 295 participants, 205 (69.5%) were on antiretroviral therapy while 90 (30.3%) were not on therapy. Majority of the participants (162, 54.9%) were in clinical stage two, followed by stages three (68, 23.1%), one (62, 21%), and four (3, 1%), respectively. The overall prevalence of ocular disorders was 5.8%. The most common HIV related ocular disorder was HIV retinal microvasculopathy (58.8%), followed by herpes zoster ophthalmicus and<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>retinochoroiditis, both representing 11.8% of ocular disorders seen. Cytomegalovirus retinitis, Bell\u2019s palsy, and optic neuritis were the least common (5.9%). CMV retinitis recorded the highest viral load of 1,474,676 copies\/mL and mean CD4 count of 136 cells\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. The mean CD4 count for participants with HIV related ocular disorders was significantly lower compared to participants without disorders (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2.5<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.012<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Participants with ocular disorders also recorded significantly higher mean viral loads than those who did not have ocular disorders (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2.8<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.006<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Lower CD4 counts and high viral load copies were associated with the manifestation of HIV related ocular disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8614095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,29]],"date-time":"2016-12-29T21:03:44Z","timestamp":1483045424000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Retinal Microvasculopathy Is Common in HIV\/AIDS Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2354-9170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuel Kwasi","family":"Abu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Abokyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorcas","family":"Obiri-Yeboah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-9059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard Kobina Dadzie","family":"Ephraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Afedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence 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