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Regarding growth indicators, the hand and wrist (including the sole middle phalanx of the third finger) maturation method and the standing height recording appear to be most reliable. Other methods are subjected to controversies or were showed to be unreliable. Main sources of controversies include use of single stages instead of ossification events and diagnostic reliability conjecturally based on correlation analyses. Regarding evidence on the efficiency of functional treatment, when treated during the pubertal growth spurt, more favorable response is seen in skeletal Class II patients even though large individual responsiveness remains. Main sources of controversies include design of clinical trials, definition of Class II malocclusion, and lack of inclusion of skeletal maturity among the prognostic factors. While no growth indicator may be considered to have a full diagnostic reliability in the identification of the pubertal growth spurt, their use may still be recommended for increasing efficiency of functional treatment for skeletal Class II malocclusion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1367691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T21:02:45Z","timestamp":1484168565000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Reliability of Growth Indicators and Efficiency of Functional Treatment for Skeletal Class II Malocclusion: Current Evidence and Controversies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7226-5134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Perinetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, 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