{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:35:19Z","timestamp":1766136919439,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016JX06","61472369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016JX06","61472369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016JX06","61472369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016JX06","61472369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) is a kind of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) relating to time series, which has achieved good performance in speech recogniton and image recognition. Long Short-Term Memory Projection (LSTMP) is a variant of LSTM to further optimize speed and performance of LSTM by adding a projection layer. As LSTM and LSTMP have performed well in pattern recognition, in this paper, we combine them with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) to study piano\u2019s continuous note recognition for robotics. Based on the Beijing Forestry University music library, we conduct experiments to show recognition rates and numbers of iterations of LSTM with a single layer, LSTMP with a single layer, and Deep LSTM (DLSTM, LSTM with multilayers). As a result, the single layer LSTMP proves performing much better than the single layer LSTM in both time and the recognition rate; that is, LSTMP has fewer parameters and therefore reduces the training time, and, moreover, benefiting from the projection layer, LSTMP has better performance, too. The best recognition rate of LSTMP is <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">99.8<\/mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">%<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>. As for DLSTM, the recognition rate can reach <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">100<\/mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">%<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math> because of the effectiveness of the deep structure, but compared with the single layer LSTMP, DLSTM needs more training time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2061827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T21:01:44Z","timestamp":1505250104000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Long Short-Term Memory Projection Recurrent Neural Network Architectures for Piano\u2019s Continuous Note Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"YuKang","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghuadong Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghuadong Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7174-6588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghuadong Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dengfeng","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 95 Zhongguancundong Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaile","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, No. 601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/2.485891"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2006.07.025"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"4","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.270"},{"volume":"5","year":"2001","journal-title":"Design and Applications","key":"5"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.62"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"14","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/322419a0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"18","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300015015"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"19","DOI":"10.1162\/153244303768966139"}],"container-title":["Journal of Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jr\/2017\/2061827.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jr\/2017\/2061827.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jr\/2017\/2061827.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T07:20:58Z","timestamp":1589786458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jr\/2017\/2061827\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":10,"alternative-id":["2061827","2061827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/2061827","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9600","1687-9619"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-9600"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-9619"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}