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To investigate whether endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins originated from mitochondria or nucleus stimulates inflammatory response in articular chondrocytes to cause chondrolysis which leads to cartilage degradation featured in posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA).<jats:italic>Materials<\/jats:italic>. Primary cultures of bovine or human chondrocytes isolated from cartilage of weight-bearing joints.<jats:italic>Treatment<\/jats:italic>. Chondrocytes were subjected to mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs) or HMGB1, a nuclear DAMP (NuD), with or without the presence of an N-terminal 29\u2009kDa fibronectin fragment (Fn-f) or proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>and TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>). Injured cartilage-conditioned culturing medium containing a mixture of DAMPs was employed as a control. After 24\u2009hrs, the protein expression of cartilage degrading metalloproteinases and iNOS in culture medium or cell lysates was examined with Western blotting, respectively.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. HMGB1 was synergized with IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>in upregulating expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, ADAM-8, and iNOS. Moreover, a moderate synergistic effect was detected between HMGB1 and Fn-f or between MTDs and TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>on MMP-3 expression. However, when acting alone, MTDs or HMGB1 did not upregulate cartilage degrading enzymes or iNOS.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. MTDs or HMGB1 could only stimulate inflammatory response in chondrocytes with the presence of cytokines or Fn-f.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2642549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T21:02:45Z","timestamp":1500411765000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["DAMPs Synergize with Cytokines or Fibronectin Fragment on Inducing Chondrolysis but Lose Effect When Acting Alone"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6993-8273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lei","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangnan University Wuxi Medical School, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Buckwalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"3-4","key":"1","first-page":"479","volume":"41","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000131638.81519.de"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000246468.80635.ef"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000211160.05864.14"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21359"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1995.1439"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1610021"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.04.016"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.10.007"},{"issue":"8","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.00545","volume":"91","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9472-5"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000162768.83772.18"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.08.004"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.001"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132603"},{"issue":"1","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.1.186.186","volume":"81","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.10.2117.2117","volume":"76","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1372"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00034.Klune"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08780"},{"issue":"4","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1538","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00272.2007","volume":"293","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. 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