{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:41:44Z","timestamp":1793691704575,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15CA170111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15CA170111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cancer Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is not yet clear whether white blood cell DNA global methylation is associated with breast cancer risk. In this review we examine the relationships between multiple breast cancer risk factors and three markers of global DNA methylation:<jats:italic>LINE-1<\/jats:italic>, 5-mdC, and<jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>. A literature search was conducted using Pubmed up to April 1, 2016, using combinations of relevant outcomes such as \u201cWBC methylation,\u201d \u201cblood methylation,\u201d \u201cblood<jats:italic>LINE-1<\/jats:italic>methylation,\u201d and a comprehensive list of known and suspected breast cancer risk factors. Overall, the vast majority of reports in the literature have focused on<jats:italic>LINE-1<\/jats:italic>. There was reasonably consistent evidence across the studies examined that males have higher levels of<jats:italic>LINE-1<\/jats:italic>methylation in WBC DNA than females. None of the other demographic, lifestyle, dietary, or health condition risk factors were consistently associated with<jats:italic>LINE-1<\/jats:italic>DNA methylation across studies. With the possible exception of sex, there was also little evidence that the wide range of breast cancer risk factors we examined were associated with either of the other two global DNA methylation markers: 5-mdC and<jats:italic>Alu<\/jats:italic>. One possible implication of the observed lack of association between global WBC DNA methylation and known breast cancer risk factors is that the association between global WBC DNA methylation and breast cancer, if it exists, is due to a disease effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2705860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,6]],"date-time":"2017-04-06T22:13:19Z","timestamp":1491516799000},"page":"1-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Relationships between Global DNA Methylation in Circulating White Blood Cells and Breast Cancer Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7529-3969","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nayha","family":"Chopra-Tandon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 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