{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T02:08:46Z","timestamp":1740103726142,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104-2221-E-259-014","MOST 105-2221-E259-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2221-E-259-014","MOST 105-2221-E259-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104-2221-E-259-014","MOST 105-2221-E259-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2221-E-259-014","MOST 105-2221-E259-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"Both glycemic control and handgrip strength affect microvascular function. Multiscale entropy (MSE) of photoplethysmographic (PPG) pulse amplitudes may differ by diabetes status and hand activity. Of a middle-to-old aged and right-handed cohort without clinical cardiovascular disease, we controlled age, sex, and weight to select the unaffected (no type 2 diabetes,n<\/mml:mi>=<\/mml:mo>3<\/mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn>)<\/mml:mo>,<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math>the well-controlled diabetes (HbA1c < 8%,n<\/mml:mi>=<\/mml:mo>22<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and the poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c \u2265 8%,n<\/mml:mi>=<\/mml:mo>22<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) groups. MSEs were calculated from consecutive 1,500\u2009PPG pulse amplitudes of bilateral index fingertips. Thesmall-,\u2009\u2009<\/mml:mtext>medium-,<\/mml:mtext><\/mml:math>and large-scale MSEs were defined as the average of scale 1 (M<\/mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), scales 2\u20134 (M<\/mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>2<\/mml:mn>\u2013<\/mml:mtext>4<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), and scales 5\u201310 (M<\/mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>5<\/mml:mn>\u2013<\/mml:mtext>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), respectively. Intra- and intergroups were compared by one- and two-samplet<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-tests, respectively. The dominant handM<\/mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>5<\/mml:mn>\u2013<\/mml:mtext>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>was lower in the poorly controlled diabetes group than the well-controlled diabetes and the unaffected (1.28 versus 1.52 and 1.56,p<\/mml:mi>=<\/mml:mo>0.01<\/mml:mn>9<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>and 0.001, resp.) groups, whereas the nondominant handM<\/mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>5<\/mml:mn>\u2013<\/mml:mtext>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>was lower in the well- and poorly controlled diabetes groups than the unaffected group (1.35 and 1.29 versus 1.58,p<\/mml:mi>=<\/mml:mo>0.00<\/mml:mn>8<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>and 0.005, resp.). TheM<\/mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow>1<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>of dominant hand was higher than that of nondominant hand in the well-controlled diabetes (1.35 versus 1.10,p<\/mml:mi>=<\/mml:mo>0.048<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). In conclusion, diabetes status and hand dominance may affect the MSE of PPG pulse amplitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3472121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T17:00:42Z","timestamp":1506445242000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycemic Control, Hand Activity, and Complexity of Biological Signals in Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Hsien-Tsai","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5509-1056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gen-Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hualien Armed Forces General 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