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CS\u2010induced cardiac damage is divided into two major and interchangeable mechanisms: (1) direct adverse effects on the myocardium causing smoking cardiomyopathy and (2) indirect effects on the myocardium by fueling comorbidities such as atherosclerotic syndromes and hypertension that eventually damage and remodel the heart. To date, our understanding of cardiac remodeling following acute and chronic smoking exposure is not well elucidated. This manuscript presents for the first time the RIMD (oxidative stress (R), inflammation (I), metabolic impairment (M), and cell death (D)) detrimental cycle concept as a major player in CS\u2010induced CVD risks and direct cardiac injury. Breakthroughs and latest findings in the field with respect to structural, functional, cellular, and molecular cardiac remodeling following chronic smoking exposure are summarized. This review also touches the genetics\/epigenetics of smoking as well as the smoker\u2019s paradox and highlights the most currently prominent pharmacological venues to mitigate CS\u2010induced adverse cardiac remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3759186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T21:02:39Z","timestamp":1500584559000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Functional, Cellular, and Molecular Remodeling of the Heart under Influence of Oxidative Cigarette Tobacco Smoke"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6054-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emna","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Ghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George W.","family":"Booz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas","family":"Kobeissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-804X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fouad A.","family":"Zouein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking-50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The surgeon general\u2019s 1989 report on reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress","volume":"38","author":"Centers for Disease, C","year":"1989","journal-title":"MMWR Supplements"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000327957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986707781058959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"The effect of smoking on myocardial metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Gvozdjak J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Czechoslovak Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvrese\/18.4.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2002.124006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319707304882"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"Mentholated cigarette smoking induced alterations in left and right ventricular functions in chronic smokers","volume":"8","author":"Ciftci O.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-6-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2007.00421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Acute effects of smoking on right ventricular function. 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