{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:34:50Z","timestamp":1792456490902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chief Government Chemist Laboratory Agency, Zanzibar"},{"name":"African Network for the Chemical Analysis of Pesticides"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Analytical Chemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"This study investigated the levels of pesticides and metabolites in vegetables from major markets in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Samples of fresh cabbage, spinach, and onions from the markets were analysed for pesticide residues. Extraction was performed using acetone followed by dichloromethane\u2009:\u2009cyclohexane mixture and the extracts were cleaned up using Florisil. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pesticides and metabolites were detected in 72.2% of the samples. The detected pesticide residues and their highest mean concentrations were p,p<\/jats:italic>\u2032-DDT 4.00 \u00d7 10\u22123<\/jats:sup>\u2009mg\/kg, p,p<\/jats:italic>\u2032-DDD 6.40 \u00d7 10\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009mg\/kg, o,p<\/jats:italic>\u2032-DDD 1.00 \u00d7 10\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u2009mg\/kg, \u03b1<\/jats:italic>-endosulfan 6.00 \u00d7 10\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009mg\/kg, \u03b2<\/jats:italic>-endosulfan 2.10 \u00d7 10\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u2009mg\/kg, chlorpyrifos 3.00\u2009mg\/kg, and cypermethrin 4.00 \u00d7 10\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u2009mg\/kg. The most frequently detected compounds were p,p<\/jats:italic>\u2032-DDD and chlorpyrifos. The order of contamination was spinach > cabbage > onions. Generally, there were no significant variations in concentrations of pesticide residues among samples and sampling sites, which indicated similarities in contamination patterns. The concentrations of contaminants were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 33.3\u201350% of the samples. The findings indicated risks and concerns for public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4676724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T16:00:49Z","timestamp":1486656049000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Determination of Levels of Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, and Pyrethroid Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from Markets in Dar es Salaam by GC-MS"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-6253","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John A. M.","family":"Mahugija","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhat A.","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Government Chemist Laboratory Agency, Zanzibar, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther H. J.","family":"Lugwisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"2005"},{"key":"2","series-title":"United Nations Environment Programme","year":"1990"},{"key":"3","year":"2010"},{"key":"4","year":"1995"},{"key":"5","series-title":"Document No. SANCO\/3103\/2000","year":"2000"},{"key":"6","year":"1998"},{"key":"7","year":"2002"},{"key":"8","first-page":"41","volume":"38","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tanzania Journal of Science"},{"key":"9","year":"2013"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024057420937"},{"key":"12","year":"2011"},{"key":"13","first-page":"1","volume":"131","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"14","volume":"4, article 200","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques"},{"key":"15","series-title":"Codex Alimentarius Commission","year":"2013"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2430"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7324\/japs.2012.2919"},{"key":"18","first-page":"41","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Science and Technology Letters"},{"key":"19","first-page":"302","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry"},{"key":"20","first-page":"850","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Analytical Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijac\/2017\/4676724.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijac\/2017\/4676724.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijac\/2017\/4676724.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T16:00:52Z","timestamp":1486656052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijac\/2017\/4676724\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["4676724","4676724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/4676724","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-8760","1687-8779"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-8760","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-8779","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}