{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:39:31Z","timestamp":1789385971711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rijeka","award":["13.06.2.1.53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13.06.2.1.53"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose was to compare the treatment effects of functional appliances activator-headgear (AH) and Twin Block (TB) on skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue structures in class II division 1 malocclusion with normal growth changes in untreated subjects. The sample included 50 subjects (56% females) aged 8\u201313 years with class II division 1 malocclusion treated with either AH (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">25<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) or TB (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">25<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) appliances. Pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were evaluated and compared to 50 untreated class II division 1 cases matched by age, gender, ANB angle, and skeletal maturity. A paired sample, independent samples tests and discriminant analysis were performed for intra- and intergroup analysis. Treatment with both appliances resulted in significant reduction of skeletal and soft-tissue facial convexity, the overjet, and the prominence of the upper lip in comparison to untreated individuals (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Retroclination of maxillary incisors and proclination of mandibular incisors were seen, the latter being significantly more evident in the TB group (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Increase of effective mandibular length was more pronounced in the TB group. In conclusion, both AH and TB appliances contributed successfully to the correction of class II division 1 malocclusion when compared to the untreated subjects with predominantly dentoalveolar changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4861924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,22]],"date-time":"2017-01-22T16:01:44Z","timestamp":1485100904000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparison of Activator-Headgear and Twin Block Treatment Approaches in Class II Division 1 Malocclusion"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-3903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stjepan","family":"Spalj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Mroz Tranesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Tannregulering Kristiansand, Kristiansand, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Birkeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Visnja","family":"Katic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Pavlic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaska","family":"Vandevska-Radunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, 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