{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:30:02Z","timestamp":1740169802488,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC 1077\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC 1077\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. Most implantable hearing aids currently available were developed to compensate the sensorineural hearing loss by driving middle ear structures (e.g., the ossicles). These devices are successfully used in round window (RW) stimulation clinically, although this was initially not the intended use. Here, a novel microactuator, specifically designed for RW stimulation, was tested in human temporal bones to determine actuator performance and applicability.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Stapes footplate response to RW stimulation was determined experimentally in human temporal bones and the obtained sound pressure output level was estimated.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The actuator had a flat displacement response between 0.125 and 4\u2009kHz, a resonance between 4 and 7\u2009kHz, and a roll-off above. At increasing contact force, the stapes footplate displacement decreased by 5\u201310\u2009dB re<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>m for forces \u2265 2\u2009mN. The equivalent sound pressure level between 0.125 and 4\u2009kHz amounted to 87\u201397\u2009eq\u2009dB SPL and increased to 117\u2009eq\u2009dB SPL for frequencies of 4\u20137\u2009kHz. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the actuator ranged within 15\u201340% for static forces of 5\u2009mN.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The feasibility of an electromagnetic actuator that may be placed into the RW niche was demonstrated but requires further optimization in terms of THD and static force sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6369247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,29]],"date-time":"2017-10-29T23:31:53Z","timestamp":1509319913000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Feasibility of Round Window Stimulation by a Novel Electromagnetic Microactuator"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0962-5651","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wouter Johannes","family":"van Drunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence EXC 1077\/1 \u201cHearing4all\u201d, Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence EXC 1077\/1 \u201cHearing4all\u201d, Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Glukhovskoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Micro Production Technology, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, An der Universit\u00e4t 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Salcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence EXC 1077\/1 \u201cHearing4all\u201d, Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc Christopher","family":"Wurz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Micro Production Technology, Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover, An der Universit\u00e4t 2, 30823 Garbsen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lenarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence EXC 1077\/1 \u201cHearing4all\u201d, Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cluster of Excellence EXC 1077\/1 \u201cHearing4all\u201d, Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)30576-4","volume":"28","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000115434"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000095282"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020600840903"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0b013e318180a495"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.12.010"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119601"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2009.11.009"},{"issue":"8","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001484","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otology 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