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Incidence of mortality in male calsequestrin\u20101 knockout (CASQ1\u2010null) mice during exposure to halothane and heat (a syndrome closely resembling human MH) is far greater than that in females. To investigate the possible role of sex hormones in this still unexplained gender difference, we treated male and female CASQ1\u2010null mice for 1 month, respectively, with Premarin (conjugated estrogens) and leuprolide (GnRH analog) and discovered that during exposure to halothane and heat Premarin reduced the mortality rate in males (79\u201327% and 86\u201320%), while leuprolide increased the incidence of mortality in females (18\u201373% and 24\u201382%). We then evaluated the (a) responsiveness of isolated muscles to temperature and caffeine, (b) sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release in single fibers, and (c) oxidative stress and the expression levels of main enzymes involved in the regulation of the redox balance in muscle. Premarin treatment reduced the temperature and caffeine sensitivity of EDL muscles, normalized SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> release, and reduced oxidative stress in males, suggesting that female sex hormones may protect mice from lethal hyperthermic episodes by reducing both the SR Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> leak and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6936897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,10]],"date-time":"2017-09-10T21:02:12Z","timestamp":1505077332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Estrogens Protect Calsequestrin\u20101 Knockout Mice from Lethal Hyperthermic Episodes by Reducing Oxidative Stress in Muscle"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Michelucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5308-5069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Boncompagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Canato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Reggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0213-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feliciano","family":"Protasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(75)90385-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44413-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00925961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)49303-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.92.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.56.030194.002335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00442a033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.1347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(02)75396-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.138024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009168108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/634075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-011-9277-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-121335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.171967"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197201000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197201000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4497fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200612000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","unstructured":"RosenbergH. 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