{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:32:36Z","timestamp":1773966756709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Thyroid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background.<\/jats:italic> Ghana began mandatory iodization of salt in 1996. This study compares the prevalence of thyroid disorders before and after the introduction of iodization.<jats:italic> Methods.<\/jats:italic> This is a retrospective study of thyroid cases from the middle belt of Ghana between 1982 and 2014. To demonstrate a link between iodization and hyperthyroidism and autoimmunity, we compared the prevalence of hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid disorders before and after the iodization programme.<jats:italic> Results<\/jats:italic>. A total of 10,484 (7548 females, 2936 males) cases were recorded. The rate of thyroid cases seen was 343\/100,000. Nontoxic nodular goiters (25.7%) and toxic nodular goiters (22.5%) represented the second commonest thyroid disorders recorded. The prevalence of hyperthyroid disorders seen after 1996 was significantly higher than the prevalence seen before the iodization (40.0 versus 21.1%, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The prevalence of autoimmune disorders recorded after iodization was significantly higher than that before the iodization programme started (22.3% versus 9.6%, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic> Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> This study has revealed a significant increase in thyroid admissions in Central Ghana over the decades. A connection between iodine fortification and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and between iodine fortification and autoimmune thyroiditis has been shown in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7843972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T17:04:27Z","timestamp":1499187867000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Thyroid Disorders in Central Ghana: The Influence of 20 Years of Iodization"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4451-5749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Osei","family":"Sarfo-Kantanka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishmael","family":"Kyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred Stephen","family":"Sarfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eunice Oparebea","family":"Ansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldr030"},{"key":"2","first-page":"651","volume":"23","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1977.tb01340.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(08)61005-3"},{"key":"5","year":"2007"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/792745"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0011"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283565bb2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.99.8.396"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91040-3"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1999.9.545"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.251"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0128"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13180.RA"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328357271a"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.83331"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144361031000074682"},{"issue":"3","key":"23","first-page":"180","volume":"8","year":"2008","journal-title":"African Health Sciences"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026010600701800403"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005830"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265120334S305"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"27","first-page":"5","volume":"18","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050234"},{"key":"29","year":"1997"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92095-1"},{"key":"31","first-page":"552","volume":"347","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.2.561"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2960"},{"issue":"1","key":"34","first-page":"1","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8182"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.15.6.788"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0123"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0652"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0651"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054022"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020750"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2368"}],"container-title":["Journal of Thyroid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtr\/2017\/7843972.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtr\/2017\/7843972.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtr\/2017\/7843972.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T17:04:27Z","timestamp":1499187867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtr\/2017\/7843972\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["7843972","7843972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/7843972","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-8067","2042-0072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-8067","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-0072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}