{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T20:30:03Z","timestamp":1740169803551,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to describe the ocular refractive state (ORS) of fighting bulls. The study consisted of 90 ophthalmological healthy animals (85 in<jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic>and 5 in living conditions, resp.). The ORS of the eyes (2 per animal) was determined using streak retinoscopy.<jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>animals were assessed at a fighting bull farm facility.<jats:italic>Post-mortem<\/jats:italic>measurements were carried out at a local arena. The ORS along the horizontal meridian ranged between \u22121.00 and +2.50 diopters (D), with a mean of +<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.66<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.85<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u2009<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math>D in<jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic>animals. Values for<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>conditions were similar (+<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.75<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.46<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u2009<\/mml:mo><\/mml:math>D). Left and right eyes were highly correlated in both sets (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). A fairly good correlation was also observed when comparing living and<jats:italic>post-mortem<\/jats:italic>eyes in the same animals. Anisometropia \u2265 1.00\u2009D was diagnosed in 3 animals. Astigmatism (\u2265+0.5\u2009D) was detected in 93% of the eyes. To our knowledge, the ORS of the fighting bull has been reported for the first time. Although values vary among individuals, all eyes presented a marked astigmatism. Whereas the horizontal meridian was slightly hyperopic, the vertical meridian was always closer to emmetropia. These results represent a starting point to understand the ocular optics of this kind of animals, which might benefit the selection of animals at the farm before being sent to the bullfighting arena.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8203269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,3]],"date-time":"2017-11-03T00:37:52Z","timestamp":1509669472000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of the Ocular Refractive State in Fighting Bulls: Astigmatism Prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9711-8034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de \u00d3ptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en \u00d3ptica y Nanof\u00edsica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. 34, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Lo Sapio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de \u00d3ptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n en \u00d3ptica y Nanof\u00edsica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Ed. 34, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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