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Among their multiple functions, MSCs closely interact with immune cells, orchestrating their activity to maintain overall homeostasis. The phenotype of tissue MSCs residing in the bowel overlaps with myofibroblasts, lining the bottom walls of intestinal crypts (pericryptal) or interspersed within intestinal submucosa (intercryptal). In Crohn\u2019s disease, intestinal MSCs are tightly stacked in a chronic inflammatory milieu, which causes their enforced expression of Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The absence of Class II MHC is a hallmark for immune-modulator and tolerogenic properties of normal MSCs and, vice versa, the expression of HLA-DR is peculiar to antigen presenting cells, that is, immune-activator cells. Interferon<jats:italic> gamma<\/jats:italic> (IFN<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>\u03b3<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) is responsible for induction of Class II MHC expression on intestinal MSCs. The reversal of myofibroblasts\/MSCs from an immune-modulator to an activator phenotype in Crohn\u2019s disease results in the formation of a fibrotic tube subverting the intestinal structure. Epithelial metaplastic areas in this context can progress to dysplasia and cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8482326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T19:12:07Z","timestamp":1488309127000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gut Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Messina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Dependent Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Buccione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome, 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