{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:51:31Z","timestamp":1791690691659,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are among the significant causes of morbidity and mortality for patients of all age groups. However, very little is known about the trends of bacterial bloodstream infections and antimicrobial susceptibilities among pediatric and adult population from Nepal. In this study, we have investigated the different etiological agents responsible for bloodstream infections among pediatric and adult patients and the role of drug resistant organisms in these infections at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 3,088 blood culture specimens obtained from pediatric and adult patients suspected to have bloodstream infections were processed by standard microbiological methods. Significant bacterial pathogens were identified by morphological, biochemical, and serological methods as suggested by American Society for Microbiology. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Overall, incidence of bloodstream infections among the suspected patients was 7.48%. Pediatric patients (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">90<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 9.37%) were the significant subgroup of patients affected with bloodstream infections compared to adults (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, CI-95%). Gram positive (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">49<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 54.4%) bacteria in pediatric and gram negative bacteria (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">141<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 78.7%) in adult patients were the most common isolates for BSI.<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">41<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 45.6%) in pediatric patients and<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">40<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>, 28.3%) in adult patients were the leading pathogens. Trends of antimicrobial resistance among isolated bacterial strains were significantly high in adults compared to pediatric patients. Methicillin resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA) (31.4%), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) (12.5%), and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) (3.9%) producing gram negatives were major resistant strains. Our study shows higher rates of bloodstream infections in pediatric patients compared to adult patients. Alarming rates of antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates is a serious issue. Prompt and accurate diagnosis and rational antimicrobial therapy are extremely needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8763135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T02:13:01Z","timestamp":1491531181000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Evaluating the Trends of Bloodstream Infections among Pediatric and Adult Patients at a Teaching Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal: Role of Drug Resistant Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-9908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Narayan Prasad","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Services, Manmohan Memorial Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hridaya","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puspa Raj","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1152440"},{"issue":"4","key":"2","first-page":"E333","volume":"36","year":"2012","journal-title":"Communicable Diseases Intelligence Quarterly Report"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12144"},{"key":"4","first-page":"987","volume-title":"Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock","year":"2010"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-016-0163-z"},{"key":"6","first-page":"995","volume-title":"Bacteremia and septicemia","volume":"3","year":"2007"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03262.x"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0354-3"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.07.001"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-0388.185426"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2348-3334.138881"},{"key":"12","volume":"1","year":"2004"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.40.10.3798-3801.2002"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0083"},{"issue":"2","key":"17","first-page":"351","volume":"37","year":"2006","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2013\/4752.2871"},{"issue":"193","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.2295","volume":"52","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Nepal Medical Association"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4066\/amj.2010.422"},{"key":"21","first-page":"136","volume":"27","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"issue":"167","key":"22","first-page":"112","volume":"46","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Nepal Medical Association"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.90106"},{"issue":"4","key":"24","first-page":"186","volume":"9","year":"2007","journal-title":"JK Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"25","first-page":"848","volume":"23","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047531"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.4186"},{"issue":"4","key":"28","first-page":"238","volume":"10","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nepal Medical College Journal"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077974"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002391"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","first-page":"82","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.174","volume":"58","year":"2005","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-98"},{"key":"34","first-page":"543","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8892"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S70486"},{"issue":"1","key":"37","first-page":"19","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-015-0059-2"},{"key":"39","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2017\/8763135.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2017\/8763135.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2017\/8763135.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T13:14:30Z","timestamp":1719148470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cjidmm\/2017\/8763135\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["8763135","8763135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/8763135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1712-9532","1918-1493"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1712-9532","type":"print"},{"value":"1918-1493","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}