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This study established a<jats:italic>Dehalococcoides<\/jats:italic>-dominated enrichment culture (designated \u201cYN3\u201d) that dechlorinates tetrachloroethene (PCE) to ETH with high dechlorination activity, that is, complete dechlorination of 800\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M PCE to ETH within 14 days in the presence of<jats:italic>Dehalococcoides<\/jats:italic>species at<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">5<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>.<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">7<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">1.9<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00d7<\/mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">7<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:math>\u2009copies of 16S rRNA gene\/mL. The metagenome of YN3 harbored 18<jats:italic>rdhA<\/jats:italic>genes (designated<jats:italic>YN3rdhA1\u201318<\/jats:italic>) encoding the catalytic subunit of reductive dehalogenase (RdhA), four of which were suggested to be involved in PCE-to-ETH dechlorination based on significant increases in their transcription in response to CE addition. The predicted proteins for two of these four genes, YN3RdhA8 and YN3RdhA16<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>showed 94% and 97% of amino acid similarity with PceA and VcrA, which are well known to dechlorinate PCE to trichloroethene (TCE) and TCE to ETH, respectively. The other two<jats:italic>rdhAs<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>YN3rdhA6<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>YN3rdhA12,<\/jats:italic>which were never proved as<jats:italic>rdhA<\/jats:italic>for CEs, showed particularly high transcription upon addition of vinyl chloride (VC), with<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">75<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">38<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">16<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>\u00b1<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">8.6<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>mRNA copies per gene, respectively, suggesting their possible functions as novel VC-reductive dehalogenases. Moreover, metagenome data indicated the presence of three coexisting bacterial species, including novel species of the genus<jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, which might promote CE dechlorination by<jats:italic>Dehalococcoides.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9191086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T21:03:14Z","timestamp":1502830994000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Identification of Multiple Dehalogenase Genes Involved in Tetrachloroethene-to-Ethene Dechlorination in a<i>Dehalococcoides<\/i>-Dominated Enrichment Culture"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ismaeil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, 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